How does age affect male and female fertility nepal data

Sperm Quality Issues

Low Semen Volume (hypospermia)

Even though in-vitro fertilisation lab technicians can extract low quantities of semen, it is still a bad sign, as it reduces the chances of sperm being extracted. The more semen you have, the more sperm extraction.

Problem of Sperm Shape

The morphology of sperm is very important as it reveals how well it can fertilise an egg. The natural and normal shape of semen affects its ability to penetrate the surface of the uterine lining. Some researchers also revealed how an abnormal shape is linked to a lower quality of embryos. For this, many doctors suggest the ICSI method of medical assistance.

Reduced Mortality (Asthenozoospermia)

Mortality is the reduced motility of sperm. In a natural pregnancy, sperm move towards an egg released; males suffering from this condition face failure of conception on several levels. Medically assisted procedures, too, are affected by it, as lower fertilisation rates, shown in various studies, are due to the low mortality of sperm. Not only is this low or slow sperm movement often linked to underlying health issues or DNA fragmentation and aneuploidy.

Genetic Changes

More chances of mutation

Men and women are very different, where women produce only one egg per month, while men produce more than 100-300 million sperm cells daily. Then they take about 2-3  months to mature fully.

Changes with DNA fragmentation

Basically, a set of instructions is provided by the sperm in its head for the growth of the baby. Fragmentation occurs when the DNA is broken into two or more parts. Older men are prone to having this condition. Additionally, researchers are still not sure whether this has a long-term or clinical impact on the baby; fragmented DNA is less prone to successful fertilisation.

Male Hormonal Problems affecting fertility  

Testosterone Decline

Testosterone performs various functions in the male body, from puberty growth to mental and emotional well-being. In reproduction, it also plays a vital role by supporting the sexual functions, such as the erectile method to fertility. Lower testosterone levels are connected to various conditions. Every year after you cross 35, levels of testosterone are decreased by 1 %.

Issues with testicles

Testicles have Sertoli cells, which help in spermatogenesis, preventing the body’s immune system from attacking the sperm, as it doesn’t deem sperm part of the body. With age, their number drops, leading to a drop in sperm quantity as well.

Physical Issues

Diabetes, Hypertension, Oxidative Stress, and Obesity

At what age do most men lose fertility?

There is no universal and scientific age at which men lose their fertility; however, 40 is a scientifically considered age at which male fertility starts to decline. Unlike women, who completely lose their fertility after menopause, there is no exact age at which men lose their fertility. 

Let’s go through the age-wise timeline of male fertility decline.

Age Group	Sperm Quality & Volume	Hormones & Cells	Conception & Pregnancy Risks
20– 30	High sperm count; strong forward movement (motility); optimal shape.	Testosterone levels are stable and at their lifetime high.	Quickest time to conceive; lowest baseline risk for genetic mutations.
30- 40	A slow decline in sperm quality overall	Testosterone levels are stable	There is no need to have any ART.
40- 50-	Measurable drop in motility; increase in abnormally shaped sperm; semen volume begins to decrease.	Testosterone declines by about 1% each year; sperm-producing cells begin to age.	Takes significantly longer to achieve pregnancy; increased risk of miscarriage.
60s+	Drop in healthy sperm; high rates of DNA fragmentation (damaged genetic material).	Loss of Leydig and Sertoli cells; lower overall reproductive drive.	Reliance on IVF: higher statistical risk for neurodevelopmental conditions in offspring.

Female fertility age in nepal 

Biological timeline

The female fertility age in Nepal follows the same general biological timeline as in other parts of the world. Meaning peaking at their 20s, declining after the 35. However, there have been small demographic changes in Nepal. 

According to the NMICS (Nepal Multiple Indicator Survey), the peak female fertility age in Nepal is from 15 to 29. This is biologically the most fertile window. This data from NMICS highlights that the vast majority of births happen during this period. 

After the age of 35 there is a natural female fertility drop in Nepali women. Additionally, there is another difference in the menopause age in Nepal. The average age of natural menopause for Nepalese women is slightly lower, around 45 to 52, which is a difference from the global average age of menopause, 50-51. 

Milestone	Age Range in Nepal	Context
Menarche (First Period)	13 to 15 years	Onset of biological fertility varies slightly by ethnicity and nutrition.
Peak Reproductive Window	20 to 29 years	Highest concentration of first-time mothers and safest biological window.
Fertility Taper	35 to 44 years	Sharp natural drop in egg reserves; increased time to conceive.
Menopause (End of Fertility)	Average 48.7 years	Complete cessation of menstruation and natural reproductive ability.

Why does age affect female infertility?

Reproductive changes

Decline in egg quantity.

The primary reason age affects female fertility comes down to a fundamental biological rule: women are born with a fixed number of eggs, and the body never creates new ones.

A female fetus has about 6 to 7 million eggs in her ovaries. By birth, that number drops to about 1 to 2 million.

Contrary to popular belief, a woman doesn’t just lose one egg per month during ovulation. Every month, a batch of hundreds of immature eggs enters a development cycle, but only one matures to be released; the rest naturally die off. 

Decline in egg quality. 

In April 1977, an official study was published in the International Journal of Fertility and Sterility. Researchers examined the quality of egg donors from two groups: group A comprised women aged 20 to 40, and group B comprised women over 40.

In the results, women who received eggs from group A had more than two healthy, successful embryos fertilised; on the other hand, those in group B did not have any successful fertilisation. 

Older people, meaning as you age, you have more chances of genetic deformities, especially aneuploidy, which is an abnormal number of chromosomes needed for a successful pregnancy.  

In simpler words, a normal, healthy person has an equal set of chromosomes in an even number, 46. However, if it is low, such as 45, or too high, like 47, it effectively decreases the chances of pregnancy.

Hormonal changes

Fibrosis and scarring

Naturally, women’s bodies produce tissues that look like scars inside the uterus, particularly along the lining of the uterus. This process is important as it helps make the uterus more prone to receiving the fertilised embryos. 

How? This tissue formation is soft and flexible, helping embryos attach themselves to it so the embryo can grow further into the fetus, and the formation of the placenta can take place as well. However, due to age, this process is reduced significantly in the quality of the tissues. After 30s, these tissues start to become harder and less receptive to embryos, leading to a decreased chance of implantation.

Vascular Decline

The uterus consists of spiral arteries, which are essential for delivering nutrients, hormones,  and oxygen to the growing embryo. With age, the quality of these arteries declines such that they don’t expand fully as they should. Instead, the arteries grow to be denser and thicker,  which reduces the blood flow to the embryo.

What are the top 3 causes of female infertility?

• Ovulation disorders 

According to the National Institute of Health, ovarian disorders include PMOS, Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea, and Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI). 

• PMOS: Is the biggest cause of female infertility and is the reason for severe hormonal imbalance. 
• FHA: It happens when the brain’s signals to the ovaries are disrupted because of high stress or being severely underweight. 
• POI: Also known as premature menopause, when the woman’s ovarian reserve is prematurely depleted before the age of 40. 
• Tubal doctor infertility

For a natural pregnancy to occur, the fallopian tubes have to be open. According to many studies, the major reason for infertility around the world is the fallopian tubes. 

How and why must fallopian tubes be open for fertilisation?

Fallopian tubes are the passageways to the ovaries and uterus. They are responsible for the safe travel of the egg and the fertilised embryo down to the uterus. If these tubes are blocked or scarred, this fertilisation can be physically prevented. These fallopian tubes are the reason for about 25 percent of cases. 

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): This is the result of untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia and gonorrhea. These cause severe inflammation. 
• Previous surgeries: If you have had any past abdominal surgeries, which can lead to adhesions, which are bands of scar tissue. It could cause scarring in the fallopian tubes. 
• Endometriosis 

Endometriosis has affected millions of women worldwide. It occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus like ovaries, fallopian tubes, or pelvic wall. This type of misplaced tissue sheds like normal period bleeding. This can cause cysts (endometriomas), inflammation, and dense scar tissue that can physically distort the anatomy of the pelvis, block the fallopian tubes, or damage the quality of the eggs. 

Best IVF centre in Nepal 

Fertility Centre Nepal is a chain of fertility clinics that aims to provide the best possible infertility treatments and their related services across Nepal. It has been providing its services across Nepal in prominent cities like Kathmandu, Biratnagar, and Nepalgunj for a long time, making the patients feel satisfied with the treatments and thus making the team also feel satisfied to deliver the best results, which is the main motto of the FCN. 

Fertility Centre Nepal has a team of highly experienced IVF doctors who are among the best IVF doctors in Nepal. Not only this, but they also have very advanced technology and facilities. In Nepal, IVF is not just a medical treatment; it is also a matter of the state and the court. 

Fertility Centre Nepal actually assures complete compliance with Nepali law, and they include proper documentation and any kind of contract. Additionally, they offer an IVF Centre Near Me In Nepal With Cost, which is very affordable. 

Female fertility age chart NHS

NHS Female Fertility, Miscarriage, & IVF Success Chart

Age Group	Natural Conception Success(Per Menstrual Cycle)	Risk of Miscarriage(By Maternal Age)	Average IVF Success Rate(Using Own Eggs)
Under 30	20% chance	1 in 10 (10%)	Over 40%
30 to 34	15% to 20%	1 in 10 (10%)	30% to 35%
35 to 37	10% to 15%	1.5 in 10 (15%)	20% to 25%
38 to 39	7% to 10%	2 in 10 (20%)	15%
40 to 42	5% chance	3 to 4 in 10 (30% – 40%)	10%
43 to 44	2% to 3%	4 in 10 (40%)	Under 5%
45+	Less than 1% to 2%	More than 5 in 10 (>50%)	10%-12%

Female fertility age 40

What is the success rate for female fertility at age 40?

Exact Age Bracket	Live Birth Rate per Cycle	Live Birth Rate per Transfer
Age 40	20% to  24%	45% to  50%
Age 41	15% to  16%	40% to  45%
Age 42	11% 12%	35% to  40%
Age 43	6% to  8%	25% to  30%
Age 44- beyond	2% to  4%	15% to  20%

Pregnancy health risks increase after the Female fertility age of 40

It takes a toll on the physical body of a mother. Maternal risks are increased, such as

• Gestational Diabetes (GDM)
• Preeclampsia and hypertension
• Formation of blood clots
• Issues with the placenta
• Preterm birth with low baby weight
• Stillbirth
• Multiple pregnancies
• Delivery changes 

Pregnancy age limit in nepal 

The pregnancy age limit in Nepal is a different parameter for different women. For assisted reproductive technology, the maximum age for women is 42 to 45 years for using their own eggs. 

However, for using the donor eggs, the pregnancy age limit in Nepal is set at 50, with the necessary screening, such as uterine, and a general health check-up or cardiac health check to ensure that the mother is physically healthy to carry the child to term. 

Additionally, there is a surrogacy ban in Nepal for any citizen, be they a foreigner or a national citizen. It is accessible to couples who are legally married. 

For a natural, unassisted pregnancy, the limit is governed strictly by the onset of menopause (when a woman permanently stops ovulating). Medical studies focusing on women in Nepal show that the average age of natural menopause is 48.7 years.

While a natural pregnancy at age 46 or 47 is extraordinarily rare, less than a 1% chance, biological fertility does not officially drop to zero until a woman has gone 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period.

On the lower end of the spectrum, the legal age limit to marry and legally start a family in Nepal is 20 years old for both men and women. National health initiatives heavily discourage adolescent pregnancies (under 19) due to high maternal health risks. 

Peak fertility age for females

The peak fertility age for females is between the ages of 20 and 24. Why is 20-24 the peak fertility age for females?

• Optimal Egg Quality: At this stage, the vast majority of a woman’s remaining eggs are chromosomally normal. This translates to the highest chance of successful fertilization and embryo implantation.
• The Best Monthly Odds: In this age bracket, a woman has a 25% to 30% chance of getting pregnant naturally during any single menstrual cycle.
• Lowest Miscarriage Risk: Because egg quality is at its peak, the rate of early pregnancy loss is at its lowest lifetime baseline, roughly 10%.
• Lowest Rate of Complications: Younger bodies typically adapt to the physical stresses of pregnancy with the lowest rates of gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, and premature labor. 

While years from  20 to 24 in the life of a woman are considered peak fertility age for females, however, extended years leading up to her late twenties, such as from twenty-five to twenty-nine, are also peak fertility age for females. The odds of conception failure drop to around 25 percent only. 

Age Bracket	Fertility Status	Chance of Pregnancy Per Month
20 to 24	Absolute Peak	25% to 30%
25 to 29	High/Stable Baseline	~25%
30 to 34	Gentle, Gradual Decline	~20%
35 to 39	Accelerating Decline	~10% to 15%
40+	Advanced Maternal Age	Less than 5%

Best IVF clinic in India 

Go IVF Surrogacy Clinic is the top choice for any couple seeking IVF and surrogacy treatment. It is headquartered in Delhi, India. It has been a spectacular player in the Field of assisted reproductive technology for more than a decade. More than 8000 successful pregnancy cases.

Go IVF surrogacy clinic provides pregnancy results if the couple’s gametes and reproductive health are average. They have fewer chances of poor health and fertility status. Their IVF treatment can face multiple failures; however, their team of specialist doctors is best equipped to curb the problem. 

Your expert can suggest advanced IVF treatment or various approaches in the process for successful outcomes. Many procedures are available to assist with different infertility conditions in IVF to help couples become parents. Our highly experienced and certified experts will suggest the best process according to your requirements and a budget-friendly approach. 

Key reasons to choose GO IVF SURROGACY for your IVF and surrogacy

For IVF and surrogacy, Go IVF surrogacy is the best choice in the whole India. They provide the best consultation and counselling sessions for all of their patients. In surrogacy, or even in IVF, medical counseling plays a vital role. 

Additionally, it has offered elevated assistance and procedures. Among other clinics in Delhi. IVF surrogacy has the highest success rates. Surrogacy can come out as a more expensive route than normal IVF. Go IVF Surrogacy actually offers many packages and other facilities for an affordable IVF cost in India.

Odds of getting pregnant by age chart

The Female Fertility & Pregnancy Odds Chart

Age Group	Odds of Pregnancy Per Cycle (Each Month)	Odds of Pregnancy Within 1 Year of Trying	Rate of Chromosomally Abnormal Eggs
20 to 24	25% to 30%	85% to 90%	Low (10% – 20%)
25 to 29	25%	78% to 85%	Low (20%)
30 to 34	20%	63% to 75%	Gradual rise (30%)
35 to 39	10% to 15%	52% to 67%	Steeper rise (35% – 45%)
40 to 44	5%	20% to 36%	High (60% – 80%)
45+	1% to 2%	Less than 5%	Very High (90%+)

Frequently asked questions

• How to increase fertility in men?

Focus on eating foods rich in antioxidants, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), Zinc, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Vitamin D, which protect sperm from cellular damage. Moreover, you should avoid hot tubs, saunas, wearing tight underwear, and resting your hot laptop directly on your lap. Additionally, you should not smoke or drink alcohol, as the nicotine degrades the sperm DNA. 

• How to tell if a man is infertile?

You cannot just tell if a person is infertile by looking at their sperm or semen. There are no outward physical symptoms of infertility. A man can have a normal sexual drive and life while being infertile, secretly on hormonal levels. The only way to tell is if a couple is unable to conceive after a year of trying, leading to medical testing.

• How to check sperm count at home?

You can use over-the-counter at-home sperm testing kits. Some kits work like a pregnancy test, using a liquid solution and a test strip to give a simple positive/negative line indicating if your count is above or below the normal fertile threshold (15 million sperm per milliliter).

Other modern kits include a small microscope lens that clips onto your smartphone camera, allowing an app to video and analyze both your sperm count and motility (movement)

• Can a male be 100% infertile?

Yes. A male can be 100% infertile if he has a medical condition called azoospermia, which means there is a total absence of sperm in his ejaculate. This can be caused by a physical blockage that prevents sperm from exiting (obstructive) or by the testicles having stopped producing sperm entirely due to genetics, prior illness, or injury (non-obstructive).

• How can I check male fertility?

The best way to do the physical examination for semen analysis is by an expert.  This test checks all aspects of the sperm, from its shape to volume. This test checks the volume of semen, concentration of sperm, and their motility rates, and their morphology. 

• What are the signs of weak sperm?

There are no physical signs or lifestyle symptoms to associate with weak sperm. However, you can do the laboratory semen analysis for specific testing to know what the conditions of the sperm are. 

You should check for things written below:

1. Low Motility: Sperm that move sluggishly, swim in circles, or fail to move forward.
2. Poor Morphology: Sperm with abnormal head shapes, double tails, or crooked structures.
3. High DNA Fragmentation: Invisible genetic breaks within the sperm’s DNA strands.

• Is round 3 sperm strong?

No, this is a myth. If you ejaculate multiple times in a short time frame, it will drastically lower the number of total sperm in your semen. This is because the male body requires about 24 to 48 hours to replenish the semen reserves. 

• What is the best male fertility test?

The best male fertility test is semen analysis. Your doctor should order it, and if those tests come back abnormal, the next best tests are a male hormone panel, which includes the blood level of testosterone, FSH,  and LH. Another test you can do is a scrotal ultrasound, which is used to find any physical issues like varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum). 

• How to conceive a second baby fast?

To conceive a second baby, you should fast-track your ovulation with the OPKs. Use the ovulation kit to catch the exact luteinizing hormone (LH) release, so you should schedule sexual activities for your most fertile 48 hours. 

Second is the frequency of sexual intercourse, which should be every other day during your fertile window, so the fresh sperm is just waiting when the ovaries release the egg. 

If you’re still breastfeeding your first baby, you should know that your high levels of prolactin can cause ovulation to be suppressed. 

• Can a woman conceive at age 37?

Absolutely, you can conceive at the age of 37. While it is true that fertility naturally declines in a woman’s late 30s, many studies have shown that roughly 50% to 60% of women can conceive between 35 and 39. 

• Do you lose 90% of your eggs by age 30?

Yes, this is true biologically; however, it is very popularly misunderstood. When a female baby is born, there are about one to two million eggs, while the number further deteriorates to about 3,00,000 by puberty. 

By the age of 30, only about 10 % to 12 % of that initial reserve remains (30,000 to 40,000 eggs). Additionally, women only ovulate about 400 to 500 eggs in their entire lives, so this remaining pool is still more than enough to achieve pregnancy. 

• What’s the rarest age to get pregnant?

Natural pregnancy becomes exceptionally rare after age 45. At this stage, a woman’s natural odds of getting pregnant drop to less than 1% to 2% per menstrual cycle because the usable egg reserve is nearing depletion as menopause approaches.

• How to improve egg quality after 35?

While you cannot create new eggs, you can protect the health of your remaining eggs by:

• Taking Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10/Ubiquinol), which boosts the cellular energy centers (mitochondria) of the eggs to help them divide DNA correctly.
• Eating an antioxidant-rich Mediterranean diet.
• Avoiding smoking or vaping, which accelerates the aging of the ovaries.
• Is 32 too late for pregnancy?

No, 32 is a highly common and statistically favorable age for pregnancy. At age 32, a woman’s fertility is stable, egg quality is generally high, and the vast majority of women conceive naturally without needing medical intervention.

• Which fruit improves egg quality

No single fruit can cure infertility, but berries (blueberries, raspberries, strawberries) are the best choice. They are packed with powerful antioxidants and polyphenols that help lower overall inflammation and protect developing egg cells from oxidative stress.

• What are signs of poor egg quality?

Poor egg quality has no physical, outward symptoms and does not affect your mood or energy levels. The primary medical indicators of poor egg quality include:

• Difficulty conceiving despite tracking ovulation perfectly.
• Recurrent, unexplained early miscarriages (often caused by chromosomal errors in the egg).
• Poor embryo development during an IVF cycle.
• What vitamins help you get pregnant?
• Folic Acid (or Methylfolate): Critical for preventing neural tube defects in early development.
• CoQ10: Essential for protecting egg and sperm cellular health.
• Vitamin D: Supports healthy hormone regulation and a receptive uterine lining.
• What are the signs you’re very fertile?

• Regular Menstrual Cycles: Having a predictable cycle that arrives every 21 to 35 days is the strongest sign of consistent ovulation.
• Egg-White Cervical Mucus: Noticing clear, stretchy, slippery mucus around the middle of your cycle means your estrogen is high and your body is actively helping sperm survive to reach an egg.
• Mild Ovulation Pain: Feeling a brief, dull twinge on one side of your lower abdomen mid-cycle (known as Mittelschmerz) can signify a healthy follicle releasing an egg.